Towards the Future: Secular Messianism and Utopian Hope in 20th Century Jewish Thought is the core course at Brown University. Courses previously offered include Secular Jewish Identities, Film and American Jewish Life: A Study in Secular Values, and Heidegger and 20th Century Jewish Thought will be the secondary course.
Towards
the Future: Secular Messianism and Utopian Hope in 20th Century Jewish Thought
Dr. Michael Gottsegen
In an era in which the dominant voices counsel political
realism and warn against the utopian demand for perfect justice, this course
will explore the post-traditional, Jewish ideas of radical social
transformation that emerged among European Jewish thinkers in the first third
of the 20th century, ideas which also inspired the Frankfurt School of Critical
Theory, and which arguably retain their critical power as wellsprings of
secular and religious hope and as an impetus to socio-political activism into
the new century. In our study of the genealogy of this radical and critical
hope and commitment, we will consider, in turn, the thought of Hermann Cohen, Martin
Buber, Ernst Bloch, Gustav Landauer, Karl Mannheim, Walter Benjamin, Gershom
Scholem, Theodor Adorno, Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida.
Syllabus:
- Intro:
Richard Wolin, “Reflections on Jewish Secular Messianism”; Habermas,
Jürgen. 1989. “The New Obscurity: the Crisis of the Welfare State and the
Exhaustion of Utopian Energies”. In The New Conservatism: Cultural
Criticism and the Historians’ Debate, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 48-70.
Russell Jacoby, Picture Imperfect
Recommended: Ricoeur, Paul. 1991. From
Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics, II. Evanston: Northwestern U Press.
Chapter 14, “Ideology and Utopia.”
- Gershom
Scholem (1897-1982), The Messianic Idea in Judaism, 1-37, "Toward
and Understanding of the Messianic Idea in Judaism," pp. 1-37;
"The Crisis of Tradition in Jewish Messianism," pp. 49-77;
Scholem, On Jews and Judaism in
Crisis, "Reflections on Jewish Theology," pp. 284-289;
Michael Lowy, Redemption and Utopia, pp. 1-46.
- Early
Marx, “1844 Manuscripts” (selections), “Introduction to the Critique of
Philosophy of Right,” “Theses on Feuerbach,” "On the Jewish
Question"
Recommended:
Moses Hess, Rome and Jerusalem, selections, tba
- Zionism
as Utopia: Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), Altneuland; The Jewish State (selections).
Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism,
pp. tba
- Hermann
Cohen (1842-1918), “Introduction,” “Chapter VIII: The Discovery of Man as Fellow
Man” & “Chapter XIII: The Idea of the Messiah and Mankind") from Religion
of Reason Out of the Sources of Judaism (1919), pp. 1-23, 113-143,
236-268;
Recommended:
H. Cohen, "German Humanism and Jewish Messianism" (from Reason and
Hope)
- Ernst Bloch
(1885-1977), The Spirit of Utopia (1918), pp. 1-34, 165-279
Bloch, “Karl Marx, Death and the
Apocalypse,” and “Man’s Increasing Entry into Religious Mystery,” in Man on His Own
Recommended: Bloch, The Principle
of Hope (1954-1959), Vol 1, pp. 3-18 (Intro), 114-178 (ch. 15), 195-223,
223-249 (ch. 18) [optional]; [Volume II: Part Four, Chapter 36: “Freedom and
Order: Survey of Social Utopias”, pages 471-624.
- Walter
Benjamin (1892-1940)
"Life of Students" (1914), "The Task of the
Translator" (1921), "The Critique of Violence" (1921),
"Franz Kafka: On the tenth Anniversary of his Death" (in
Illuminations), "The Storyteller" (1936) "Zentralpark"
(1938), "Paris, the Capital of the Nineteenth Century,"
" Exchange with Theodor W. Adorno on the Essay "Paris, the
Capital of the Nineteenth Century,"" [check into next two] A
Different Utopian Will, The Significance of Beautiful Semblance, Critique
of Violence, "Theological-Political Fragment," "Theses
on the Philosophy of History" (1940); & Michael Löwy, “Revolution
against progress: Walter Benjamin’s romantic anarchism” and “Religion,
utopia and counter-modernity: the allegory of the angel of history in
Walter Benjamin” in On Changing the
World. London: Humanities Press, 1993.
- Karl Mannheim
(1893-1947), Ideology and Utopia (1929) (selections) *Mannheim,
Karl. 1968. Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of
Knowledge. NY: Harvest Books. Chapter 2, “Ideology and Utopia”, and
chapter 4, “The Utopian Mentality”. Optional: Chapter 1.
Ricoeur, Paul. Lectures on Ideology and Utopia. Lectures on
Mannheim.
- Martin
Buber (1878-1965) & Gustav Landauer
(1870-1919): Paths in Utopia (selections)
and Gustav Landauer essays (tba)
Recommended:
Rosa Luxembourg, Rosa Speaks, (tba)
- Theodor
Adorno (1903-1969) and Frankfurt School: "Something’s Missing, A
Conversation between Ernst Bloch and Theodor Adorno on the Contradictions
of Utopian Longing" (1964) [in Bloch, The Utopian Function of Art and Literature, pp. 1-17]; Minima Moralia (1974) #153
("...to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from
the standpoint of redemption...as indigent and distorted as it will appear
one day in the messianic light"); Negative Dialectics (1970)
Prologue, 15-22, 146-147, 149-151, 154-156, 161-163, 190-193, 197-198,
204-207, 217-221, 242-243, 258-262, 295-297, 300-303, 347-353, 354-400
Recommended:
Herbert Marcuse, “The End of Utopia” http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/67endutopia/67EndUtopiaProbViol.htm
Martin Ludtke & Ted R. Weeks, “The Utopian
Motif Is Suspended: Conversation with Leo Lowenthal,” in New German Critique,
No. 38, Special Issue on the German-Jewish Controversy (Spring - Summer, 1986),
pp. 105-111
- Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1994): On the
Eschatological Now and the Utopia of the Other Man
tba
- Jacques
Derrida (1930-2004): On the Impossible Possibility:
Jacques Derrida, Specters
of Marx (1993): Exordium (pp. xvii-xx); chaps. 2 and 3 (pp. 49-94,
167-169
Jacques Derrida, "Force
of Law" (1989) in Drucilla Cornell, ed., Deconstruction and the
Possibility of Justice
Jacques Derrida, "The
Mystical Foundations of Authority"
Interview with Derrida on
Messianicity, Utopia, & Benjamin http://docs.google.com/Doc?id=dghgx7gw_45f3f6kfgg
- The Sociology
and Phenomenology of Hope: Meisenhelder, Marcel, Pieper
- From
the Frankfurt School’s Critical Theory to the Theology of Hope: Jurgen Moltmann,
Johannes Baptist Metz
Secular Jewish Identities
Professor Lynn Davidman
In Western Europe, as the Enlightenment value of Reason spread, it had its impact on
the Jewish community in the form of the Haskalah, a movement that called for more
intellectual, as opposed to religious, approaches to being Jewish. First in Eastern Europe,
Zionism emerged in both secular and religious forms and so did Jewish socialist movements.
Both were intended to offer alternative Jewish identities and meanings for European Jews
who had been largely tradition-bound for centuries. The class begins by exploring the
European visions of secular Jewish identities and continues,
through immigration into the 20th century U.S. Here we explore and
analyze the variety of ways Jews have established modes of secular
Jewish identification.
Required texts:
Caryn Aviv and David Schneer, New Jews
Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy
Hasia Diner, The Jews of the United States
Deborah Dash Moore, At Home in America
Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World 2nd edition
Susan Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl
Jenna Weissman Joselit, The Wonders of America
Ezra Mendelsohn, On Modern Jewish Politics
Marc Raider, The Emergence of American Zionism
Course Outline:
1. Introduction
I. THE BEGINNINGS OF SECULARIZATION
2. P. Berger, THE SACRED CANOPY
Read Part 1
3. European Beginnings of Secularization
Goldscheider and Zuckerman, pp. 11-62
In MFR:
Toland, pp. 13-17
Dohm, pp. 28-36
Abbe Gregoire pp. 49-53
Gotthold Lessing pp. 62-63
French National Assembly 114-118
4. Jewishness as ONLY religion
In MFR:
Mendelssohn pp. 68-70; 96-9
Kant p. 68
Search for Right and Light pp. 91-95
Moerschel pp. 95-6
5. The Emergence of Reform in Europe
Goldscheider and Zuckerman, chap 5
IN MFR: PART IV
6. Immigration and the Rise of Reform in the US
Diner, pp. 71-154
*Selections from Jonathan Sarna on OCRA
II. JUDAISM AS POLITICS
7. Overview of US and Europe: Bund and Zionism
Ezra Mendelsohn, ON MODERN JEWISH POLITICS
8. Jewish Labor Movements in the US
Glenn, DAUGHTERS OF THE SHTETL
9. Zionism in Europe
Herzl, OCRA
A. D. Gordon, OCRA
Nordau, OCRA
Ahad Ha’am, OCRA
Ber Borokhov, OCRA
IN MFR: PP. 529-597
10. Zionism in the US
11. Marc Raider, THE EMERGENCE OF AMERICAN ZIONISM
12. The end of Zionism as we Knew It?
Aviv and Schneer, NEW JEWS
III ECONOMIC MOBILILTY AND AMERICAN ASSIMILATION
13. The Second Generation
Dash Moore, AT HOME IN AMERICA
14. Judaism as Material Culture
Jenna Weismann Joselit, THE WONDERS OF AMERICA
15. Jewish Arts
Screening: Klezmer Music
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Films and Jewish American Life: A Study in Secular Values
Professor Paul Buhle
This course will examine the rise of Jewish themes and Jewish
personnel in the Hollywood Film, the decisive connections of Jewish
secularism with liberal political views and artistic objectives. It
will suggest the cinematic connections of many phenomena including
Hollywood unionization and antifascism, the Holocaust, the Hollywood
Blacklist, the civil rights movement, Zionism, the Vietnam War, the
Counter-Culture, feminism, neoconservatism and the Imperial dilemmas of
the present. Throughout, we will examine the ways in which the
secularization of Jewish Americans interacted with popular culture at
large and films in particular.
Assigned Texts:
Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner, Radical Hollywood
Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner, Hiding in Plain Sight: the Hollywood Blacklistees in Film and Television, 1950-2002
Gerda Lerner, Fireweed
Neal Gabler, How The Jews Invented Hollywood
Course Outline:
1. Introduction, Why are films "the Jewish art"? Why are they (mostly) liberal and secular?
Film Excerpts in class: variety of silent and early sound films
Evening Showing: The Jazz Singer
Cartoon: Down the Inkwell (Koko the Clown)
2. Yiddishkayt, the Bohemian Intellectual and the Secular Jew from Europe to Hollywood
Gerda Lerner, Fireweed, Chapters 1-8
How The Jews Invented Hollywood, Chapter selection
e-reserves, Dan Miron, A Traveler Disguised
Film Excerpts in class: Frankenstein and Million Dollar Legs
Evening Showing: Monkey Business
Cartoon: Betty Boop
3. The Radical Jewish Screenwriter/Director and the New Deal
Buhle and Wagner, Radical Hollywood, Chapters One Though Three
Isaac Deutscher, "The Non-Jewish Jew," WebCT
Film excerpts in class: Success Story; The Man Who Reclaimed His Head; The President's Mystery
Evening Showing: All Quiet On the Western Front
Cartoon: Fleischer color drama with political overtones
4. The Hollywood Drama Takes Shape
How the Jews Invented Hollywood
"John Wexley," interview in Tender Comrades, e-reserves
Excerpts: Marked Woman, Golden Boy, Holiday
Evening Showing: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Cartoon: Excerpt from Mister Bug Goes to Town
5. The Yiddish Cinema and Edgar G. Ulmer
"Edgar G. Ulmer" essays, e-reserves
J.Hoberman, Bridge of Light excerpt, e-reserves
Film Excerpts in Class: The Black Cat, The Singing Blacksmith, Di Klyatsche, Moon Over Harlem
Evening showing: Green Fields
Cartoon: 1930s selection with Semitic undertones
6. AntiFascism and Jewish consciousness
Radical Hollywood, Chapters 4-5
Film Excerpts in Class: Confessions of a Nazi Spy, Four Sons, Hangmen Also Die, Sahara
Evening Showing: Action In the North Atlantic
Cartoon: selection from wartime animation
7. The Costs of War
Radical Hollywood, Chapter 6
Film Excerpts: A Walk in the Sun, GI Joe
Fireweed, Chapters 9-10
Evening Showing: Pride of the Marines
Cartoon: FDR 1944 re-election cartoon, "Victory Train"
8. The Postwar Social Theme
Fireweed, Chapters 11-15
Excerpts in class: Crossfire, Body and Soul, The Search, Intruder in the Dust, Abbott and Costello Clips
Evening Showing: Gentlemen's Agreement
Cartoon: The Brotherhood of Man
9. Disillusionment, Noir, and the Film Art
Radical Hollywood, Chapter Seven and Eight
Film Excerpts: Detour, The Big Clock, Naked City
Evening Showing: Force of Evil
Cartoon: Bugs Bunny satire on Noir
10. The Fifties, McCarthyism and the Holocaust (Finally) Remembered
Hide in Plain Sight Chapters 1-5
Film Excerpts in Class: I can Get It for You Wholesale, The Defiant Ones,
Odds Against Tomorrow, Never On Sunday
Evening Showing: The Diary of Anne Frank
Cartoon: Gerald McBoing Boing
11. Celebration and Anxiety
Hide in Plain Sight, Chapters 6-7
E-Resource essays from forthcoming reference volumes
Film Excerpts in Class: Enemies, A Love Story; Top Banana; A Funny Thing
Happened on the Way to the Forum
Evening Showing: Fiddler On the Roof
Cartoon: The Two Thousand Year Old Man
12. Progressive/Secular Jewry in 1970s Hollywood
Hide in Plain Sight, Chapter 9
E-Reserve essays from forthcoming reference volumes
Film Excerpts in Class: Norma Rae, The Front, Dog Day Afternoon
Evening showing: The Way We Were
Cartoon: TBA
13. The Art of Sidney Lumet
Film Excerpts in Class: Bye Bye Braverman; Daniel: Running on Empty
E-reserve selections from Frank R. Cunningham, Sidney Lumet: Film and
Literary Vision
Evening Showing: The Pawnbroker
Cartoon: TBA
14. The Art of Sidney Lumet/Beyond Assimilation
E-reserve readings from Lester D. Friedman, Hollywood's Images of the Jew
E-reserve readings from Jews and American Popular Culture
Film Excerpts in class: Schindler's List, The Producers, The Apprenticeship
of Duddy Kravitz, Tell Me a Riddle, Crimes and Misdemeanors
Evening Showing: Avalon/Romance of a Horsethief (excerpt)
Cartoon: Excerpt from Who Killed Roger Rabbit?
Heidegger and 20th Century Jewish Thought
Dr. Michael Gottsegen
One of the leading philosophers of the twentieth century, Martin Heidegger – who grappled on the deepest philosophical level with the question of the meaning of the West, and with the meaning of its formative and foundational experiences which he construed in avowedly secular and secularizing, existential categories -- exerted a profound, and liberating influence upon many of the century’s leading Jewish thinkers, an influence which was especially significant in the case of his Jewish students, including Hannah Arendt, Hans Jonas, Emmanuel Levinas, Karl Lowith and Leo Strauss. All of these thinkers drew, in different ways, upon the formative resource of Heidegger’s thought as they endeavored, sometimes going with – and sometimes going against – the grain of his thought, to think and rethink the secular and existential experiences that came to define the essence of the West, an essence which Heidegger came to conceive increasingly in terms of the priority of Athens relative to Jerusalem and thus in terms of the priority of the secular and philosophical over against the religious. And Heidegger’s Jewish students also drew upon the master’s thought as they grappled in the post-war period with the challenge of how to avoid the seeming implication that the modern loss of belief in religious certitudes necessarily entailed the skepticism, relativism, nihilism and perhaps totalitarianism as well, as Heidegger’s thought, and personal example (as one who joined the Nazi party in 1933) seemed to suggest.
While Heidegger’s own reflections upon the essence of the West came to focus increasingly on the pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, the rigor and profundity of his phenomenological method and existential questioning encouraged his students to undertake similarly far-reaching and metaphysically profound meditations that proceeded along very different lines, along lines that were differentiated from those of the master by their attention to that strain in Western thought which, since Matthew Arnold, has made the reference to Jerusalem synonymous with one of the twin sources of Western civilization. And yet, perhaps surprisingly, if a number of these thinkers were led in the process of their inquiries to flirt seriously with the possibility of a return to a religious and pre-modern worldview, they each concluded at length that such a return to classical religion was impossible, but that the core existential insights of Judaism and Christianity into the relatively fixed aspects of the human condition, stripped of their mythological and onto-theological garb, still have an important role to play in keeping the ship of a secularized and secularizing Western civilization from crashing upon the rocks which would surely await it if it were to repudiate these insights merely on account of their pre-modern and religious provenance.
In this course, we shall consider in turn, then, the basic contours of Heidegger’s thought, the nature of the phenomenological method of doing philosophy that he bequeathed to his students, the implications of Heidegger’s philosophy for rethinking the relation between Athens and Jerusalem, and the status of the secular and the religious, in his thought. After this we will turn to the thought of several of his leading Jewish students who employed Heidegger’s phenomenological method to recover the existential (and secular) meaning of the insights that penetrate to the core of the Judaic and Christian traditions and who also endeavored to rethink the problematic at the center of Heidegger’s thought in a manner, and with a profundity, which has proven to be of continuing significance for another generation of Jewish thinkers as it struggles today to rethink the meaning of the West, of Judaism and the secular for our present era.
Outline:
1. Introduction to Course
2. The Project of Fundamental Ontology: Being and Time I
Sections 1-9, 12-16
Wolin, Heidegger’s Children, pp. 1-20, 203-239 (WCT)
Polt, Heidegger: An Introduction, pp. 1-22.
3. The Project of Fundamental Ontology: Being and Time II
Sections 25-27, 31-34, 38, 40-41
Wolin, Heidegger’s Children, pp. 173-202 (WCT)
4. The Project of Fundamental Ontology: Being and Time III
Sections 45-62, 72-76
Polt, "Reinterpreting Everydayness in terms of Temporality (On BT, pars. 67-71)," pp. 98-100.
5. Heidegger, Metaphysics and The Third Reich
Metaphysics:
MH, "What is Metaphysics" [P 95-112] (WCT)
Heidegger during the Third Reich:
Sheehan, "Reading a Life: Heidegger and Hard Times" (Web CT)
Habermas, “Work and Weltanschauung: The Heidegger Controversy from a German Perspective” (from Critical Inquiry, 1989) (WCT)
Selected Readings from Richard Wolin’s The Heidegger Controversy:
MH, "The Self-Assertion of the German University” (1933), in Wolin, pp. 29-39.
MH, “Only a God can Save Us,” Der Spiegel interview from 1966, in Wolin, pp. 91-116, especially pp. 91-104.
Recommended:
“An exchange of letters: Herbert Marcuse and Martin Heidegger,” in Wolin, pp. 152-164.
Karl Lowith, “The political implications of Heidegger’s existentialism,” in Wolin, pp. 167-185.
6. The Late Heidegger I: From the Being of Truth to the Truth of Being
MH, "Letter on Humanism" [P 239-276]
7. The Late Heidegger II: From the Being of Truth to the Truth of Being
MH, "...Poetically Man Dwells..." (1951) (WCT)
MH, “The Question Concerning Technology” (1955) (WCT)
8. Arendt: On (her own) Jewish Identity; on Heidegger and Existentialism; on Thought and Evil
From The Jewish Writings:
[tba]
From Arendt’s Letters:
Exchange with Karl Jaspers re Heidegger (WCT)
From Essays in Understanding (WCT)
“What is Existential Philosophy?”pp. 163-187
“Heidegger the Fox,” pp. 361-362
From Responsibility and Judgment:
“Thinking and Moral Considerations” (WCT)
From Between Past and Future:
“Preface: The Gap Between Past and Future” (WCT)
“The Conquest of Space and the Stature of Man,” pp. 265-280 (WCT)
“Heidegger at Eighty” (WCT)
Wolin, Heidegger’s Children, pp. 30-69 (WCT)
Recommended:
From The Life of the Mind:
“Heidegger’s Will not to Will,” pp. 172-194 (WCT)
9. Arendt: Her Political Thought as Response and Critique
From Origins of Totalitarianism:
“Total Domination” – pp. 437-459 (WCT)
Recommended:
“Ideology and Terror” – pp. 460-479 (WCT)
From The Human Condition:
pp. 1-11, 38-58, 175-199, 230-247 (WCT) [60 pages]
Recommended:
pp. 248-268, 313-325
From Between Past and Future:
*Truth in Politics, pp. 239-249 (WCT)
10. Jonas: Jonas’s Critique of Heidegger
1) "Gnosticism, Existentialism, and Nihilism," Ninth Essay in PL, pp.211-234.
2) “Philosophy at the End of the Century: Retrospect and Prospect,” Prologue to MM, pp. 41-55.
From Philosophical Biology to Ethics:
1) "Tool, Image and Grave: On What is Beyond the Animal in Man," Ch. 2 in MM, pp. 75-86.
2) "The Burden and Blessing of Mortality" Ch. 3 in MM, pp. 87-98.
4) "Matter, Mind and Creation: Cosmological Evidence and Cosmogonic Speculation" Ch. 8 in MM, pp. 165-197.
6) Wolin, Heidegger’s Children, pp. 101-133 (WCT)
11. A Theory of Responsibility: Living Nature as the Ground of Good
1) Imperative of Responsibility, Preface and Chs. 1-2, pp. ix-xii and 1-50.
2) IR, Ch. 4, secs. I-IV, pp. 79-117.
3) Jonas, “Toward an Ontological Grounding of an Ethics for the Future,” Ch. 4 in MM, pp. 99-112.
4) IR, Ch. 4, secs. V-VII, pp. 117-136.
5) IR, Ch. 6, from the bottom of p. 200-204.
6) "Epilogue - The Outcry of Mute Things" in MM, pp. 198-202.
12. Levinas: Overview and Critique of Heidegger
1) Levinas, Ethics and Infinity, chaps. 1-8, pp. 21-122.
2) “Some Thoughts on the Philosophy of Hitlerism,”(1934) pp. 13-21 (WCT)
3) “Is Ontology Fundamental?” (1951) (from Entre Nous), pp. 1-12 (WCT)
4) “The Ego and the Totality,” (1954) from Collected Philosophical Papers, pp. 25-45. (WCT)
5) “Philosophy and the Idea of Infinity,” (1957) from Collected Philosophical Papers, pp. 46-60. (WCT)
6) “Without Identity,” (1970) from Collected Philosophical Papers, pp. 141-152 (WCT)
7) “Dying For…,” (1987), from Entre Nous, pp. 207-217 (WCT)
8) Levinas, [re Heidegger, comments from 1931, 1937, 1947, in] Unforeseen History, pp. 64-70 (WCT)
9) Levinas, “Heidegger, Gagarin and Us,” (1961) (from Difficult Freedom), pp. 231-234 (WCT)
Recommended:
Buber's Critique of Heidegger:
Buber, sections from "What Is Man?" in BMM, pp. 118-126, 157-181, and 199-205. (WCT)
13. Heidegger, Theology, and Onto-theo-logy
MH, “On the Onto-theological Constitution of Metaphysics” (1957) (WCT)
MH, “Phenomenology and Theology” (1927) (WCT)
MH, “Only a God can Save Us,” Der Spiegel, interview from 1966, in Wolin, pp. 91-116, especially pp. 104-116. (WCT)
Recommended:
Westphal, “Overcoming Onto-theology,” & resp. by Derrida (Caputo, ch. 5) in God, the Gift, and Postmodernism (WCT)
14. Levinas and Jonas: Beyond Onto-theo-logy?
Jonas, “Heidegger and Theology,” Tenth Essay in PL, pp. 235-261 (WCT)
Jonas, "The Concept of God After Auschwitz: A Jewish Voice," Ch. 6 in MM, pp. 131-143 (WCT)
Levinas, “God and Philosophy,” (1975) (from Basic Philosophical Writings), pp. 129-148 (WCT)
Levinas, “A Religion for Adults,” (1957) (from Difficult Freedom), pp. 11-23 (WCT)
Recommended:
Levinas, “Diachrony and Representation” (from Time and the Other), pp. 98-120 (WCT)
15. Derrida: Destruktion, Deconstruction, and the Return of the Ethical [???]
Derrida, "The Ends of Man" in Margins of Philosophy, pp. 109-136 (WCT)
Derrida, "Différance" in Margins of Philosophy (1968), pp. 1-28 (WCT)
Derrida, The Gift of Death (1992), chaps. 3 and 4, pp. 53-115 (WCT)
Recommended:
“Faith and Knowledge: The Two Sources of “Religion” at the Limits of Reason Alone,” (1996), in Acts of Religion, pp. 40-101 (WCT)
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